Testing is a process rather than a single activity. This process starts from test planning then designing test cases, preparing for execution and evaluating status till the test closure. So, we can divide the activities within the following basic steps:
1) Planning and Control
2) Analysis and Design
3) Implementation and Execution
4) Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
5) Test Closure activities
1) Planning and Control:
Test planning has following major tasks:
i. To determine the scope and risks and identify the objectives of testing.
ii. To determine the test approach.
iii. To implement the test policy and/or the test strategy. (Test strategy is an outline that describes the testing portion of the software development cycle. It is created to inform PM, testers and developers about some key issues of the testing process. This includes the testing objectives, method of testing, total time and resources required for the project and the testing environments.).
iv. To determine the required test resources like people, test environments, PCs, etc.
v. To schedule test analysis and design tasks, test implementation, execution and evaluation.
vi. To determine the Exit criteria we need to set criteria such as Coverage criteria. (Coverage criteria are the percentage of statements in the software that must be executed during testing. This will help us track whether we are completing test activities correctly. They will show us which tasks and checks we must complete for a particular level of testing before we can say that testing is finished.)
Test control has the following major tasks:
i. To measure and analyze the results of reviews and testing.
ii. To monitor and document progress, test coverage and exit criteria.
iii. To provide information on testing.
iv. To initiate corrective actions.
v. To make decisions.
NOTEs:-
1) Once we have established the test plan, test control begins. Test control is an ongoing activity. In test control, we compare actual progress against the plan.
2) Test analysis and Test Design tasks:
i. To review the test basis. (The test basis is the information we need in order to start the test analysis and create our own test cases. Basically it’s a documentation on which test cases are based, such as requirements, design specifications, product risk analysis, architecture and interfaces. We can use the test basis documents to understand what the system should do once built.)
ii. To identify test conditions.
iii. To design the tests.
iv. To evaluate testability of the requirements and system.
v. To design the test environment set-up and identify and required infrastructure and tools.
3) Implementation and Execution:
During test implementation and execution,the test manager must ensure that we have handled all remaining tasks required to start test execution. we take the test conditions into test cases and procedures and other testware such as scripts for automation, the test environment and any other test infrastructure. (Test cases is a set of conditions under which a tester will determine whether an application is working correctly or not.)
(Testware is a term for all utilities that serve in combination for testing a software like scripts, the test environment and any other test infrastructure for later reuse.)
Test implementation has the following major task:
i. To develop and prioritize our test cases by using techniques and create test data for those tests. (In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for testing most of the features. Any such specifically identified data which is used in tests is known as test data.)
We also write some instructions for carrying out the tests which is known as test procedures.
We may also need to automate some tests using test harness and automated tests scripts. (A test harness is a collection of software and test data for testing a program unit by running it under different conditions and monitoring its behavior and outputs.)
ii. To create test suites from the test cases for efficient test execution.
(Test suite is a collection of test cases that are used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviours. A test suite often contains detailed instructions and information for each collection of test cases on the system configuration to be used during testing. Test suites are used to group similar test cases together.)
iii. To implement and verify the environment.
Test execution has the following major task:
i. To execute test suites and individual test cases following the test procedures.
ii. To re-execute the tests that previously failed in order to confirm a fix. This is known as confirmation testing or re-testing.
iii. To log the outcome of the test execution and record the identities and versions of the software under tests. The test log is used for the audit trial. (A test log is nothing but, what are the test cases that we executed, in what order we executed, who executed that test cases and what is the status of the test case (pass/fail). These descriptions are documented and called as test log.).
iv. To Compare actual results with expected results.
v. Where there are differences between actual and expected results, it report discrepancies as Incidents.
NOTE:-
Test implementation: The process of developing and prioritizing test procedures, creating test data, and, optionally, preparing test harnesses and writing automated test scripts.
Challenges of Test manger
A) implementation are to understand the sources of test data and to use those sources to obtain test data and make that data available to testers
B) You might need to acquire a tool for test data generation, especially if you need to do load, volume, or performance testing.
C) checking test environment available and its dependencies.
D) the testers execute tests, they should log the results. The test manager should ensure that these logs provide an adequate record of relevant details for tests and events
4) Evaluating Exit criteria and Reporting:
Based on the risk assessment of the project we will set the criteria for each test level against which we will measure the “enough testing”. These criteria vary from project to project and are known as exit criteria.
Exit criteria come into picture, when:
— Maximum test cases are executed with certain pass percentage.
— Bug rate falls below certain level.
— When achieved the deadlines.
Evaluating exit criteria has the following major tasks:
i. To check the test logs against the exit criteria specified in test planning.
ii. To assess if more test are needed or if the exit criteria specified should be changed.
iii. To write a test summary report for stakeholders.
NOTE:-
A) Exit criteria are used to report against and to plan when to stop testing.
5) Test Closure activities:
The test closure phase consists of finalizing and archiving the testware and evaluating the test process, including preparation of a test evaluation report.Test closure activities are done when software is delivered. The testing can be closed for the other reasons also like:
When all the information has been gathered which are needed for the testing.
When a project is cancelled.
When some target is achieved.
When a maintenance release or update is done.
Test closure activities have the following major tasks:
i. To check which planned deliverables are actually delivered and to ensure that all incident reports have been resolved.
ii. To finalize and archive testware such as scripts, test environments, etc. for later reuse.
iii. To handover the testware to the maintenance organization. They will give support to the software.
iv To evaluate how the testing went and learn lessons for future releases and projects.
NOTEs:-
1) The test basis can include the requirements specifications, the design specifications, the quality risks, and other items.
BS 7925/2 Standard
The British Standards Institute produces the BS 7925/2 standard. It has two main sections: test design techniques and test measurement techniques. It reviews a wide range of test design techniques, including black-box, white-box, and others. It covers three black-box techniques that were also covered in the Foundation syllabus: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and state transition testing. It also covers a black-box technique called cause-effect graphing, which is a graphical version of a decision table, and a black-box technique called syntax testing.
